On ε-Biased Generators in NC0

Cryan and Miltersen [7] recently considered the question of whether there can be a pseudorandom generator in NC, that is, a pseudorandom generator that maps n bits strings to m bits strings and such that every bit of the output depends on a constant number k of bits of the seed. They show that for k = 3, if m ≥ 4n + 1, there is a distinguisher; in fact,they show that in this case it is possible to break the generator with a linear test, that is, there is a subset of bits of the output whose XOR has a noticeable bias. They leave the question open for k ≥ 4. In fact they ask whether every NC generator can be broken by a statistical test that simply XORs some bits of the input. Equivalently, is it the case that no NC generator can sample an ε-biased space with negligible ε? We give a generator for k = 5 that maps n bits into cn bits, so that every bit of the output depends on 5 bits of the seed, and the XOR of every subset of the bits of the output has bias 2−Ω(n/c 4). For large values of k, we construct generators that map n bits to n √ k) bits and such that every XOR of outputs has bias 2−n 1 2 √ k . We also present a polynomial-time distinguisher for k = 4,m ≥ 24n having constant distinguishing probability. For large values of k we show that a linear distinguisher with a constant distinguishing probability exists once m ≥ Ω(2kndk/2e). Finally, we consider a variant of the problem where each of the output bits is a degree k polynomial in the inputs. We show there exists a degree k = 2 pseudo random generator for which the XOR of every subset of the outputs has bias 2−Ω(n) and which map n bits to Ω(n) bits. ∗Supported by a Miller fellowship †Supported by National Security Agency (NSA) and Advanced Research and Development Activity (ARDA) under Research Office (ARO) contract no. DAAD19-01-1-0506.